Vietnam Wikipedia
Many wiki implementations, such as MediaWiki, the software that powers Wikipedia, allow users to supply an edit summary after they edit a page. This is a brief piece of text summarizing the adjustments they’ve made (e.g. “Corrected grammar” or “Fixed formatting in desk”). It is not inserted into the article’s primary textual content however is saved together with that revision of the web page, allowing users to clarify what has been carried out and why.
Historically, accents have been distinguished by how every area pronounces the letters d ([z] within the Northern dialect and [j] in the Central and Southern dialect) and r ([z] in the Northern dialect and [r] in the Central and Southern dialects). Thus, the Central and the Southern dialects may be stated to have retained a pronunciation nearer to Vietnamese orthography and resemble how Middle Vietnamese sounded, in contrast to the trendy Northern (Hanoi) dialect, which has since undergone pronunciation shifts. Some English words were integrated into Vietnamese as mortgage words, such as “TV” borrowed as “tivi” or simply TV, but still formally referred to as truyền hình. Some different borrowings are calques, translated into Vietnamese, for instance, ‘software program’ is translated into “phần mềm” (literally which means “soft half”). Some scientific terms similar to “biological cell” had been derived from chữ Hán, for instance, the word tế bào is 細胞 in chữ Hán, whilst other scientific names corresponding to “acetylcholine” are unaltered. Before Vietnamese switched from a Chinese-based script to a Latin-based script, Vietnamese had used the traditional Chinese system of classifying tones.
Some wiki engines are free and open-source, whereas others are proprietary. Some allow management over totally different functions (levels of access); for instance, modifying rights might permit altering, adding, or eradicating material. More just lately, the expansion of the free market system has resulted in elevated interregional movement and relations between distant components of Vietnam by way of business and journey. The actions have also resulted in some mixing of dialects and more considerably have made the Northern dialect more easily understood within the South and vice versa. Most Southerners, when singing modern/old popular Vietnamese songs or addressing the public, achieve this within the standardized accent if possible, which uses the Northern pronunciation.
This is similar to a log message when making adjustments in a revision-control system. This allows different customers to see which modifications have been made by whom and why, often in an inventory of summaries, dates and different short, relevant content material, an inventory which known as a “log” or “history”. Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established within the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule from 111 BC, till the first dynasty emerged in 939.
Wikimedia is a worldwide movement whose mission is to deliver free academic content material to the world. Each month’s name is just the ordinal of that month appended after the word tháng, which suggests “month”. Traditional Vietnamese, nevertheless, assigns other names to some months; these names are largely used within the lunar calendar and in poetry. Vietnamese tones had been categorised into two major groups, bằng (平; ‘degree tones’) and trắc (仄; ‘sharp tones’). Tones corresponding to ngang and huyền belong to the bằng group, whereas tones that are not ngang and huyền similar to sắc, hỏi, ngã, and nặng belong to the trắc group. Then, theses tones had been further divided in several other categorizes like bình (平; ‘even’), thượng (上; ‘rising’), khứ (去; ‘departing’) , and nhập (入; ‘entering’).
Wikis have favored plain-text editing, with fewer and simpler conventions than HTML for indicating style and structure. Although limiting entry to HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) of wikis limits person ability to alter the structure and formatting of wiki content, there are some benefits. Limited access to CSS promotes consistency in the appear and feel, and having JavaScript disabled prevents a consumer from implementing code which will restrict different customers’ entry.
Sắc and nặng are counted twice within the system, as soon as in khứ (去; ‘departing’) and once more in nhập (入; ‘coming into’). The purpose for the additional two tones is for tones that finish in checked sounds corresponding to /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/. Vietnamese Catholics practice a distinctive type of prayer recitation referred to as đọc kinh, during which each tone is assigned a particular note or sequence of notes. Words with tones belonging to a selected tone group must occur in certain positions throughout the poetic verse.
Although Vietnamese roots are classified as Austroasiatic, Vietic and Viet-Muong, the results of language contact with Chinese heavily influenced the Vietnamese language, causing it to diverge from Viet-Muong into Vietnamese, which was seen to have split Vietnamese from Muong around the tenth to 11th century. For occasion, the Vietnamese word quản lý, which means administration (noun) or manage (verb) is likely descended from the identical word as guǎnlǐ (管理) in Chinese, kanri (管理, かんり) in Japanese, and gwanli (관리, 管理) in Korean. Instances of Chinese contact embody the historical Nam Việt (aka Nanyue) in addition to other durations of influences. Besides English and French which have made some contributions to Vietnamese language, Japanese loanwords into Vietnamese are additionally a more lately studied phenomenon.
Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences via Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. During many of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài. In 1887, its territory was built-in into French Indochina as three separate regions. In the instant aftermath of World War II, the nationalist coalition Viet Minh, led by the communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh, launched the August Revolution and declared Vietnam’s independence in 1945. The dialect areas differ principally of their sound techniques (see below) but also in vocabulary (including basic and non-basic vocabulary) and grammar.[j] The North-Central and the Central regional varieties, which have a major variety of vocabulary differences, are generally less mutually intelligible to Northern and Southern speakers.
This means that authors can revert to an older version of the web page ought to it be needed because a mistake has been made, such because the content by accident being deleted or the page has been vandalized to include offensive or malicious textual content or other inappropriate content. A wiki (/ˈwɪki/ (listen) WIK-ee) is an internet hypertext publication collaboratively edited and managed by its own audience, using a web browser. A typical wiki incorporates a number of pages for the subjects or scope of the project, and could be either open to the common public or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its inner knowledge base. It is frequently created and up to date, and encyclopedic articles on new events seem within minutes somewhat than months or years. Because anyone can improve Wikipedia, it has turn out to be more comprehensive, clear, and balanced than another encyclopedia. Its contributors enhance the standard and quantity of the articles in addition to take away misinformation, wikipedia bangla errors, and vandalism.
In flip, Vietnamese reformists and nationalists themselves encouraged and popularized the utilization of chữ Quốc ngữ. By the middle of the 20th century, most writing was accomplished in chữ Quốc ngữ, which grew to become the official script on independence. The writing system used for Vietnamese is based intently on the system developed by Alexandre de Rhodes for his 1651 Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum. It displays the pronunciation of the Vietnamese of Hanoi at that time, a stage generally termed Middle Vietnamese (tiếng Việt trung đại).
As a results of a quantity of land reform measures, Vietnam has turn out to be a serious exporter of agricultural products. Agriculture’s share of Vietnam’s GDP has fallen in recent many years, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economic system has risen. The Wikipedia Version 1.zero Editorial Team has developed a desk (shown below) that displays information of all rated articles by high quality and importance, on the English Wikipedia.
For example, a consumer creating a new article on cold-weather biking might “tag” this page under the categories of commuting, winter sports activities and bicycling. Originally, most wikis[citation needed] used CamelCase to name pages and create hyperlinks. These are produced by capitalizing words in a phrase and eradicating the areas between them (the word “CamelCase” is itself an example).
Using this system, Vietnamese has 8 tones, but trendy linguists only depend 6 phonemic tones. Distinctive tonal variations emerged in the course of the subsequent growth of the Vietnamese language and people from the Red River Plain into what’s now central and southern Vietnam via conquest of the traditional nation of Champa and the Khmer individuals of the Mekong Delta within the vicinity of present-day Ho Chi Minh City, also referred to as Saigon. Like many different languages in Southeast Asia and East Asia, Vietnamese is an analytic language with phonemic tone. It has head-initial directionality, with subject–verb–object order and modifiers following the words they modify.
Save your favorite articles to read offline, sync your studying lists across devices and customize your reading experience with the official Wikipedia app. The Tale of Kiều is an epic narrative poem by the celebrated poet Nguyễn Du, (阮攸), which is usually thought-about the most important work of Vietnamese literature. It was initially written in Chữ Nôm (titled Đoạn Trường Tân Thanh 斷腸新聲) and is broadly taught in Vietnam (in chữ Quốc Ngữ transliteration). Yogurt in Vietnamese is “sữa chua” (lit. “sour milk”), but additionally calqued from French (yaourt) into Vietnamese (da ua – /j/a ua). Musical observe was borrowed into Vietnamese as “nốt” or “nốt nhạc”, from the French note de musique. The Vietnamese term for steering wheel is “vô lăng”, a partial derivation from the French volant directionnel.
Basic vocabulary in Vietnamese are of Proto-Vietic origins, these words are thought-about as pure Vietnamese words rather than loanwords. Vietnamese shares a large amount of vocabulary with the Mường languages, an in depth relative of the Vietnamese language. In addition, modern Vietnamese pronunciations of French names stay immediately derived from the unique French pronunciation (“Pa-ri” for Paris, “Mác-xây” for Marseille, “Boóc-đô” for Bordeaux, and so forth.), whereas pronunciations of different foreign names (Chinese excluded) are typically derived from English pronunciations.
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For example, a German Wikipedia article in regards to the Blaster Worm was edited to incorporate a hyperlink to a malicious web site. Users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows methods who followed the link would be contaminated.[10] A countermeasure is the use of software that stops users from saving an edit that contains a link to a web site listed on a blacklist of malicious websites. Within the text of most pages, there are usually many hypertext links to other pages throughout the wiki. This type of non-linear navigation is more “native” to a wiki than structured/formalized navigation schemes.
There is less internal variation inside the Southern region than the other regions due to its relatively late settlement by Vietnamese-speakers (around the end of the fifteenth century). The North-Central area is especially conservative since its pronunciation has diverged much less from Vietnamese orthography than the opposite varieties, which tend to merge sure sounds. Along the coastal areas, regional variation has been neutralized to a sure extent, however more mountainous regions preserve extra variation. The romanised script grew to become predominant over the course of the early 20th century, when education became widespread and a less complicated writing system was found to be more expedient for teaching and communication with the overall inhabitants. The French colonial administration sought to eliminate Chinese writing, Confucianism, and other Chinese influences from Vietnam.[65] French superseded Chinese in administration. Vietnamese written with the alphabet grew to become required for all public paperwork in 1910 by problem of a decree by the French Résident Supérieur of the protectorate of Tonkin.
Early linguists thought that this meant Vietnamese lexicon then received only two layers of Chinese words, one stemming from the period underneath precise Chinese rule and a second layer from afterwards. A massive variety of words were borrowed from Middle Chinese, forming a half of the Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary. These brought on the unique introduction of the retroflex sounds /ʂ/ and /ʈ/ (modern s, tr) into the language. Wikis can be created on a “wiki farm”, where the server-side software program is implemented by the wiki farm owner. Under Article 70 of the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam, all citizens enjoy freedom of belief and religion.[399] All religions are equal before the law and each place of worship is protected underneath Vietnamese state regulation.
Upon the North Vietnamese victory in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitary socialist state under the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective deliberate financial system, a trade embargo by the West, and wars with Cambodia and China crippled the country additional. In 1986, the CPV initiated financial and political reforms just like the Chinese financial reform, remodeling the nation to a socialist-oriented market economic system.
While CamelCase makes linking easy, it additionally leads to links in a kind that deviates from the usual spelling. To link to a web page with a single-word title, one should abnormally capitalize one of many letters in the word (e.g. “WiKi” as an alternative of “Wiki”). CamelCase-based wikis are immediately recognizable as a end result of they’ve many hyperlinks with names corresponding to “TableOfContents” and “BeginnerQuestions”.
Another word game considerably paying homage to pig latin is played by youngsters. Here a nonsense syllable (chosen by the child) is prefixed onto a target word’s syllables, then their initial consonants and rimes are switched with the tone of the unique word remaining on the new switched rime. Some North-Central varieties (such as Hà Tĩnh Vietnamese) have a slight[clarification needed] merger of the ngã and nặng tones however keep the hỏi tone distinct. Still, other North-Central varieties have a three-way merger of hỏi, ngã, and nặng and so have a four-tone system.
Its vocabulary has had significant influence from Chinese and a few from French. Wiki software is a sort of collaborative software program that runs a wiki system, permitting web pages to be created and edited utilizing a standard web browser. It may be applied as a series of scripts behind an existing net server or as a standalone application server that runs on a quantity of web servers.
In these implementations, the markup of a newly edited, marked-up version of the page is generated and submitted to the server transparently, shielding the consumer from this technical element. WYSIWYG controls don’t, nevertheless, at all times provide all of the features available in wikitext, and a few customers favor to not use a WYSIWYG editor. Hence, many of those websites supply some means to edit the wikitext immediately. After World War II, France returned to reclaim colonial energy in the First Indochina War, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of the treaties signed between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was additionally separated into two components. The Vietnam War began shortly after, between the communist North, supported by the Soviet Union and China, and the anti-communist South, supported by the United States.
After France invaded Vietnam within the late 19th century, French gradually replaced Chinese because the official language in education and authorities. Vietnamese adopted many French phrases, corresponding to đầm (‘dame’, from madame), ga (‘train station’, from gare), sơ mi (‘shirt’, from chemise), and búp bê (‘doll’, from poupée) as nicely as the Latin alphabet, resulting in a language that was Austroasiatic but with major Sino-influences and some minor French influences from the French colonial period. Wikis can also make WYSIWYG enhancing out there to users, usually through a JavaScript control that interprets graphically entered formatting directions into the corresponding HTML tags or wikitext.
The content is stored in a file system, and modifications to the content are saved in a relational database management system. A generally applied software program package deal is MediaWiki, which runs Wikipedia. Alternatively, private wikis run as a standalone software on a single pc.
Any reader can repair a mistake or add extra info to articles (see Researching with Wikipedia). The Wikipedia community has developed many insurance policies and pointers, although editors do not have to be familiar with them before contributing. Wikipedia’s function is to profit readers by containing information on all branches of knowledge. Hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, it consists of freely editable content, whose articles even have quite a few links to information readers to more data. The syllable-initial ch and tr digraphs are pronounced distinctly in the North-Central, Central, and Southern varieties however are merged in Northern varieties, which pronounce them the identical way).
The Unicode character set accommodates all Vietnamese characters and the Vietnamese forex image. On systems that don’t support Unicode, many 8-bit Vietnamese code pages can be found corresponding to Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange (VSCII) or Windows-1258. Where ASCII must be used, Vietnamese letters are often typed utilizing the VIQR convention, though that is largely unnecessary with the increasing ubiquity of Unicode. There are many software program tools that assist type Roman-script Vietnamese on English keyboards, corresponding to WinVNKey and Unikey on Windows, or MacVNKey on Macintosh, with in style methods of encoding Vietnamese utilizing Telex, VNI or VIQR input methods all included. Besides third-party software instruments, working methods similar to Windows or macOS can be installed with Vietnamese and Vietnamese keyboard, e.g.
A growing nation with a lower-middle-income financial system, Vietnam is nonetheless one of many fastest-growing economies of the twenty first century. Vietnam has excessive levels of corruption, censorship, environmental issues and a poor human rights document; the nation ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion and ethnic minorities. It is a part of international and intergovernmental establishments together with the ASEAN, the APEC, the CPTPP, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the WTO.
The pronunciation of the “rime” of the syllable, i.e. all elements other than the preliminary consonant (optional /w/ glide, vowel nucleus, tone and last consonant), appears nearly identical between Middle Vietnamese and modern Hanoi pronunciation. On the other hand, the Middle Vietnamese pronunciation of the preliminary consonant differs significantly from all trendy dialects, and in reality is significantly nearer to the fashionable Saigon dialect than the fashionable Hanoi dialect. Malware may also be an issue for wikis, as customers can add hyperlinks to sites internet hosting malicious code.
The centering diphthongs are fashioned with solely the three excessive vowels (i, ư, u). They are usually spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, respectively, when they’re followed by a consonant. Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit in good faith, and tens of millions already have. The English brahmastra wikipedia is the primary[a] English-language edition of Wikipedia, a web-based encyclopedia. It was created by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, as Wikipedia’s first edition.
Users can even create any variety of index or table-of-contents pages, with hierarchical categorization or no matter form of group they like. These may be difficult to maintain “by hand”, as multiple authors and users may create and delete pages in an ad hoc, unorganized manner. Wikis can present a quantity of methods to categorize or tag pages to help the maintenance of such index pages. Some wikis, including the original, have a backlink characteristic, which displays all pages that link to a given page. It can additionally be sometimes potential in a wiki to create links to pages that do not but exist, as a approach to invite others to share what they know about a subject new to the wiki. Wiki customers can usually “tag” pages with categories or keywords, to make it easier for different users to search out the article.
A wiki can render the seen anchor of such links “pretty” by reinserting spaces, and possibly also reverting to lower case. This reprocessing of the hyperlink to improve the readability of the anchor is, nonetheless, limited by the lack of capitalization data attributable to CamelCase reversal. For instance, “RichardWagner” should be rendered as “Richard Wagner”, whereas “PopularMusic” must be rendered as “popular music”. There is not any straightforward method to determine which capital letters ought to remain capitalized. As a outcome, many wikis now have “free linking” using brackets, and a few disable CamelCase by default.
De Rhodes’s orthography also made use of an apex diacritic, as in o᷄ and u᷄, to point a final labial-velar nasal /ŋ͡m/, an allophone of /ŋ/ that is peculiar to the Hanoi dialect to the present day. This diacritic is commonly mistaken for a tilde in trendy reproductions of early Vietnamese writing. Other group information publications embody the “WikiWorld” internet comedian, the Wikipedia Weekly podcast, and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like The Bugle from WikiProject Military History and the monthly e-newsletter from The Guild of Copy Editors. There are numerous publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such because the Wikimedia Blog and This Month in Education.
Many North-Central varieties preserve three distinct pronunciations for d, gi, and r, however the Northern varieties have a three-way merger, and the Central and the Southern varieties have a merger of d and gi but hold r distinct. At the end of syllables, the palatals ch and nh have merged with the alveolars t and n, which, in flip, have also partially merged with velars c and ng in the Central and the Southern varieties. Although regional variations developed over time, most of these words can be used interchangeably and be understood properly, albeit with roughly frequency then others or with barely totally different but usually discernible word choices and pronunciations. Some accents may combine, with words such dạ vâng combining dạ and vâng, being created.
Some wikis have an edit button or hyperlink instantly on the web page being viewed if the consumer has permission to edit the web page. This can lead to a text-based modifying web page the place members can construction and format wiki pages with a simplified markup language, typically generally identified as wikitext, wiki markup or wikicode (it can also lead to a WYSIWYG enhancing web page; see the paragraph after the desk below). For example, beginning lines of textual content with asterisks could create a bulleted record. The fashion and syntax of wikitexts can range greatly among wiki implementations,[example needed] some of which additionally allow HTML tags.
In addition, there are a number of phonetic variations (mostly in pitch contour and phonation type) in the tones among the many dialects. With the rise of the Internet, new slang is generated and popularized by way of social media. This more fashionable slang is commonly used among the many youthful generation of teenspeak in Vietnam. This more recent slang is generally pure Vietnamese, and almost all the words are homonyms or some type of wordplay. Some slang words may embody profanity swear words (derogatory) or just a play on words. Modern linguists describe modern Vietnamese having lost many Proto-Austroasiatic phonological and morphological features that unique Vietnamese had.[46] The Chinese influence on Vietnamese corresponds to varied intervals when Vietnam was underneath Chinese rule, and subsequent influence after Vietnam grew to become independent.
Since its creation on January 15, 2001, it has grown into the world’s largest reference web site, attracting over a billion guests monthly. Wikipedia currently has more than sixty-one million articles in additional than 300 languages, together with 6,696,372 articles in English with 116,233 active contributors in the past month. It can additionally be spoken by the Jing folks historically residing on three islands (now joined to the mainland) off Dongxing in southern Guangxi Province, China.[30] A large variety of Vietnamese audio system additionally reside in neighboring international locations of Cambodia and Laos.
The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the global economy and politics. The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of 5 or extra edits per thirty days was comparatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at roughly forty two,000 editors inside slim seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of lively editors in English Wikipedia, by “sharp” comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at roughly 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the beginning of 2014. English Wikipedia is hosted alongside different language editions by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American non-profit group. Its content is written independently of different editions[1] in varied varieties of English, aiming to stay constant within articles. Nevertheless, the most important dialects are still predominant in their respective areas and have additionally developed over time with influences from different areas.
Vietnamese, like Chinese and tons of languages in Southeast Asia, is an analytic language. Vietnamese does not use morphological marking of case, gender, quantity or tense (and, as a result, has no finite/nonfinite distinction).[h] Also like other languages in the area, Vietnamese syntax conforms to subject–verb–object word order, is head-initial (displaying modified-modifier ordering), and has a noun classifier system. Not all dialects of Vietnamese have the same consonant in a given word (although all dialects use the identical spelling within the written language). Some consonant sounds are written with just one letter (like “p”), other consonant sounds are written with a digraph (like “ph”), and others are written with multiple letter or digraph (the velar cease is written variously as “c”, “k”, or “q”). In some instances, they are based mostly on their Middle Vietnamese pronunciation; since that period, ph and kh (but not th) have developed from aspirated stops into fricatives (like Greek phi and chi), whereas d and gi have collapsed and converged collectively (into /z/ in the north and /j/ in the south). A neighbor wiki is solely a wiki which will talk about similar content material or might otherwise be of curiosity.
If an article or listing receives different scores by two or extra WikiProjects, then the highest score is used in the desk, pie-charts, and bar-chart. The version’s one-billionth edit was made on 13 January 2021 by Ser Amantio di Nicolao (Steven Pruitt) who as of that date is the person with the highest variety of edits on the English Wikipedia, at over 4 million.[4] Currently, there are 6,696,356 articles created with 903,970 files. The encyclopedia is residence to 10.9% of articles in all Wikipedias (down from more than 50% in 2003).[19][20] The English Wikipedia presently has forty five,977,858 registered accounts of which 893 are directors. Whilst there have been any older slang words from previous generations, the prevalence of uses of slang amongst young people in Vietnam, as specific teen speak conversations turn out to be obscure for older generations and is subjected to debate typically. Some imagine that incorporating teen-speak or web slang into a every day dialog amongst teenagers will affect the formality and cadence of speech.[59] Others argue that it is not the slang that’s the downside, but quite the shortage of communication strategies for the immediate internet messaging era. They imagine slang should not be dismissed, but as an alternative, youth must be informed enough to know when to make use of them and when it’s acceptable.
A delegate wiki is a wiki that agrees to have certain content material delegated to that wiki.[48] One method of discovering a wiki on a selected topic is to observe the wiki-node community from wiki to wiki. Most wikis offer no much less than a title search, and generally a full-text search. The scalability of the search is decided by whether the wiki engine makes use of a database. Some wikis, similar to PmWiki, use flat recordsdata.[12] MediaWiki’s first variations used flat information, but it was rewritten by Lee Daniel Crocker in the early 2000s (decade) to be a database application.[citation needed] Indexed database access is important for top velocity searches on large wikis. Alternatively, external search engines like google and yahoo such as Google Search can typically be used on wikis with limited searching features to acquire extra exact outcomes. Some wikis maintain a record of modifications made to wiki pages; usually, each version of the web page is saved.