English Wikipedia Wikipedia
Many wiki implementations, similar to MediaWiki, the software that powers Wikipedia, enable users to supply an edit abstract once they edit a page. This is a short piece of textual content summarizing the changes they’ve made (e.g. “Corrected grammar” or “Fixed formatting in table”). It isn’t inserted into the article’s major textual content but is stored along with that revision of the web page, permitting users to clarify what has been carried out and why.
The content material must conform with Wikipedia’s insurance policies, together with being verifiable by published sources. Editors’ opinions, beliefs, private experiences, unreviewed analysis, libelous materials, and copyright violations is not going to remain. Wikipedia’s software program permits easy reversal of errors, and skilled editors watch and patrol dangerous edits. Written collaboratively by largely nameless volunteers, Wikipedia articles can be edited by anybody with Internet access (and who just isn’t presently blocked), besides in restricted cases the place editing is restricted to forestall disruption or vandalism.
The content material is stored in a file system, and adjustments to the content material are stored in a relational database administration system. A commonly implemented software program package is MediaWiki, which runs genshin impact wikipedia. Alternatively, private wikis run as a standalone application on a single computer.
Sắc and nặng are counted twice in the system, as quickly as in khứ (去; ‘departing’) and again in nhập (入; ‘coming into’). The cause for the extra two tones is for tones that end in checked sounds similar to /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/. Vietnamese Catholics practice a particular style of prayer recitation known as đọc kinh, by which each tone is assigned a particular notice or sequence of notes. Words with tones belonging to a selected tone group must occur in certain positions inside the poetic verse.
Since its creation on January 15, 2001, it has grown into the world’s largest reference web site, attracting over a billion guests monthly. Wikipedia presently has greater than sixty-one million articles in more than 300 languages, together with 6,696,372 articles in English with 116,233 lively contributors in the past month. It is also spoken by the Jing individuals traditionally residing on three islands (now joined to the mainland) off Dongxing in southern Guangxi Province, China.[30] A giant number of Vietnamese audio system also reside in neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos.
The Unicode character set accommodates all Vietnamese characters and the Vietnamese currency symbol. On systems that don’t help Unicode, many 8-bit Vietnamese code pages can be found similar to Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange (VSCII) or Windows-1258. Where ASCII should be used, Vietnamese letters are often typed utilizing the VIQR conference, although this is largely pointless with the growing ubiquity of Unicode. There are many software tools that assist sort Roman-script Vietnamese on English keyboards, similar to WinVNKey and Unikey on Windows, or MacVNKey on Macintosh, with well-liked methods of encoding Vietnamese utilizing Telex, VNI or VIQR input methods all included. Besides third-party software instruments, working systems similar to Windows or macOS can be installed with Vietnamese and Vietnamese keyboard, e.g.
Any reader can fix a mistake or add more information to articles (see Researching with Wikipedia). The Wikipedia neighborhood has developed many insurance policies and tips, although editors don’t have to be familiar with them before contributing. Wikipedia’s objective is to benefit readers by containing info on all branches of information. Hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, it consists of freely editable content, whose articles also have numerous links to guide readers to extra info. The syllable-initial ch and tr digraphs are pronounced distinctly in the North-Central, Central, and Southern varieties however are merged in Northern varieties, which pronounce them the identical way).
Another word game somewhat harking again to pig latin is performed by children. Here a nonsense syllable (chosen by the child) is prefixed onto a target word’s syllables, then their preliminary consonants and rimes are switched with the tone of the unique word remaining on the new switched rime. Some North-Central varieties (such as Hà Tĩnh Vietnamese) have a slight[clarification needed] merger of the ngã and nặng tones but hold the hỏi tone distinct. Still, different North-Central varieties have a three-way merger of hỏi, covid 19 wikipedia ngã, and nặng and so have a four-tone system.
Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. During a lot of the seventeenth and 18th centuries, Vietnam was successfully divided into two domains of Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài. In 1887, its territory was integrated into French Indochina as three separate areas. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the nationalist coalition Viet Minh, led by the communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh, launched the August Revolution and declared Vietnam’s independence in 1945. The dialect areas differ largely of their sound methods (see below) but also in vocabulary (including fundamental and non-basic vocabulary) and grammar.[j] The North-Central and the Central regional varieties, which have a big number of vocabulary variations, are typically much less mutually intelligible to Northern and Southern speakers.
Vietnamese, like Chinese and many languages in Southeast Asia, is an analytic language. Vietnamese doesn’t use morphological marking of case, gender, number or tense (and, as a result, has no finite/nonfinite distinction).[h] Also like other languages within the region, Vietnamese syntax conforms to subject–verb–object word order, is head-initial (displaying modified-modifier ordering), and has a noun classifier system. Not all dialects of Vietnamese have the identical consonant in a given word (although all dialects use the identical spelling within the written language). Some consonant sounds are written with just one letter (like “p”), different consonant sounds are written with a digraph (like “ph”), and others are written with a couple of letter or digraph (the velar stop is written variously as “c”, “k”, or “q”). In some circumstances, they’re based on their Middle Vietnamese pronunciation; since that period, ph and kh (but not th) have developed from aspirated stops into fricatives (like Greek phi and chi), while d and gi have collapsed and converged collectively (into /z/ within the north and /j/ within the south). A neighbor wiki is solely a wiki that may discuss comparable content or could otherwise be of interest.
Wikimedia is a world movement whose mission is to convey free educational content to the world. Each month’s name is just the ordinal of that month appended after the word tháng, which means “month”. Traditional Vietnamese, nonetheless, assigns different names to some months; these names are mostly used in the lunar calendar and in poetry. Vietnamese tones were categorised into two primary teams, bằng (平; ‘stage tones’) and trắc (仄; ‘sharp tones’). Tones corresponding to ngang and huyền belong to the bằng group, whereas tones that aren’t ngang and huyền corresponding to sắc, hỏi, ngã, and nặng belong to the trắc group. Then, theses tones had been additional divided in a quantity of other categorizes like bình (平; ‘even’), thượng (上; ‘rising’), khứ (去; ‘departing’) , and nhập (入; ‘coming into’).
Some wikis have an edit button or link immediately on the page being viewed if the consumer has permission to edit the web page. This can lead to a text-based modifying web page where participants can construction and format wiki pages with a simplified markup language, sometimes known as wikitext, wiki markup or wikicode (it can also result in a WYSIWYG modifying page; see the paragraph after the desk below). For example, starting strains of text with asterisks might create a bulleted record. The fashion and syntax of wikitexts can vary tremendously among wiki implementations,[example needed] some of which also permit HTML tags.
As a results of a quantity of land reform measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. Agriculture’s share of Vietnam’s GDP has fallen in latest decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economic system has risen. The Wikipedia Version 1.0 Editorial Team has developed a desk (shown below) that shows knowledge of all rated articles by high quality and significance, on the English Wikipedia.
De Rhodes’s orthography also made use of an apex diacritic, as in o᷄ and u᷄, to indicate a last labial-velar nasal /ŋ͡m/, an allophone of /ŋ/ that’s peculiar to the Hanoi dialect to the present day. This diacritic is often mistaken for a tilde in modern reproductions of early Vietnamese writing. Other neighborhood news publications embrace the “WikiWorld” web comic, the Wikipedia Weekly podcast, and newsletters of particular WikiProjects like The Bugle from WikiProject Military History and the month-to-month e-newsletter from The Guild of Copy Editors. There are a selection of publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such because the Wikimedia Blog and This Month in Education.
Users can also create any variety of index or table-of-contents pages, with hierarchical categorization or whatever type of group they like. These could also be difficult to keep up “by hand”, as a quantity of authors and customers could create and delete pages in an advert hoc, unorganized method. Wikis can present a number of methods to categorize or tag pages to assist the maintenance of such index pages. Some wikis, including the original, have a backlink function, which displays all pages that link to a given page. It can be sometimes possible in a wiki to create hyperlinks to pages that don’t yet exist, as a approach to invite others to share what they know about a subject new to the wiki. Wiki users can usually “tag” pages with classes or keywords, to make it easier for different customers to search out the article.
Some wiki engines are free and open-source, whereas others are proprietary. Some allow management over different features (levels of access); for instance, modifying rights might permit changing, including, or removing material. More recently, the growth of the free market system has resulted in increased interregional movement and relations between distant components of Vietnam by way of business and journey. The movements have also resulted in some blending of dialects and more considerably have made the Northern dialect extra simply understood within the South and vice versa. Most Southerners, when singing modern/old well-liked Vietnamese songs or addressing the public, achieve this in the standardized accent if attainable, which makes use of the Northern pronunciation.
The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the worldwide economy and politics. The Economist reported that the variety of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was comparatively fixed since 2008 for Wikipedia in different languages at approximately 42,000 editors inside narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The variety of active editors in English Wikipedia, by “sharp” comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the beginning of 2014. English Wikipedia is hosted alongside other language editions by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American non-profit group. Its content is written independently of other editions[1] in varied sorts of English, aiming to stay constant within articles. Nevertheless, the most important dialects are still predominant in their respective areas and have also advanced over time with influences from other areas.
Although Vietnamese roots are categorised as Austroasiatic, Vietic and Viet-Muong, the result of language contact with Chinese closely influenced the Vietnamese language, causing it to diverge from Viet-Muong into Vietnamese, which was seen to have break up Vietnamese from Muong across the 10th to eleventh century. For occasion, the Vietnamese word quản lý, meaning management (noun) or manage (verb) is likely descended from the same word as guǎnlǐ (管理) in Chinese, kanri (管理, かんり) in Japanese, and gwanli (관리, 管理) in Korean. Instances of Chinese contact embody the historical Nam Việt (aka Nanyue) as nicely as other intervals of influences. Besides English and French which have made some contributions to Vietnamese language, Japanese loanwords into Vietnamese are additionally a more lately studied phenomenon.
Basic vocabulary in Vietnamese are of Proto-Vietic origins, these words are thought-about as pure Vietnamese words rather than loanwords. Vietnamese shares a large amount of vocabulary with the Mường languages, an in depth relative of the Vietnamese language. In addition, trendy Vietnamese pronunciations of French names stay directly derived from the original French pronunciation (“Pa-ri” for Paris, “Mác-xây” for Marseille, “Boóc-đô” for Bordeaux, etc.), whereas pronunciations of different overseas names (Chinese excluded) are typically derived from English pronunciations.
For example, a German Wikipedia article about the Blaster Worm was edited to incorporate a hyperlink to a malicious web site. Users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows methods who adopted the hyperlink would be contaminated.[10] A countermeasure is using software program that forestalls customers from saving an edit that contains a hyperlink to a web site listed on a blacklist of malicious sites. Within the textual content of most pages, there are usually many hypertext links to other pages inside the wiki. This form of non-linear navigation is extra “native” to a wiki than structured/formalized navigation schemes.
Historically, accents have been distinguished by how every area pronounces the letters d ([z] within the Northern dialect and [j] within the Central and Southern dialect) and r ([z] within the Northern dialect and [r] in the Central and Southern dialects). Thus, the Central and the Southern dialects can be stated to have retained a pronunciation nearer to Vietnamese orthography and resemble how Middle Vietnamese sounded, in contrast to the trendy Northern (Hanoi) dialect, which has since undergone pronunciation shifts. Some English words were included into Vietnamese as mortgage words, similar to “TV” borrowed as “tivi” or simply TV, but nonetheless officially known as truyền hình. Some different borrowings are calques, translated into Vietnamese, for example, ‘software’ is translated into “phần mềm” (literally meaning “soft part”). Some scientific terms corresponding to “biological cell” had been derived from chữ Hán, for instance, the word tế bào is 細胞 in chữ Hán, while other scientific names such as “acetylcholine” are unaltered. Before Vietnamese switched from a Chinese-based script to a Latin-based script, Vietnamese had used the standard Chinese system of classifying tones.
While CamelCase makes linking simple, it also leads to links in a kind that deviates from the usual spelling. To hyperlink to a page with a single-word title, one should abnormally capitalize one of many letters within the word (e.g. “WiKi” as a substitute of “Wiki”). CamelCase-based wikis are instantly recognizable because they’ve many links with names similar to “TableOfContents” and “BeginnerQuestions”.
This is much like a log message when making modifications in a revision-control system. This enables different users to see which modifications have been made by whom and why, usually in an inventory of summaries, dates and other brief, related content material, a listing which known as a “log” or “historical past”. Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam underneath Chinese rule from 111 BC, until the primary dynasty emerged in 939.
For instance, a person creating a brand new article on cold-weather biking would possibly “tag” this web page under the categories of commuting, winter sports activities and bicycling. Originally, most wikis[citation needed] used CamelCase to call pages and create hyperlinks. These are produced by capitalizing words in a phrase and removing the areas between them (the word “CamelCase” is itself an example).
A growing nation with a lower-middle-income economy, Vietnam is nonetheless one of the fastest-growing economies of the 21st century. Vietnam has high ranges of corruption, censorship, environmental issues and a poor human rights document; the nation ranks among the many lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press, and freedom of faith and ethnic minorities. It is part of international and intergovernmental establishments together with the ASEAN, the APEC, the CPTPP, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the WTO.
In those implementations, the markup of a newly edited, marked-up model of the page is generated and submitted to the server transparently, shielding the user from this technical detail. WYSIWYG controls don’t, nevertheless, always provide all the features obtainable in wikitext, and a few customers prefer to not use a WYSIWYG editor. Hence, many of these sites offer some means to edit the wikitext instantly. After World War II, France returned to reclaim colonial power in the First Indochina War, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of the treaties signed between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also separated into two parts. The Vietnam War began shortly after, between the communist North, supported by the Soviet Union and China, and the anti-communist South, supported by the United States.
The centering diphthongs are fashioned with only the three excessive vowels (i, ư, u). They are generally spelled as ia, ưa, ua after they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, respectively, when they’re adopted by a consonant. Wikipedia is a free on-line encyclopedia that anyone can edit in good faith, and hundreds of thousands already have. The English Wikipedia is the primary[a] English-language edition of Wikipedia, an internet encyclopedia. It was created by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, as Wikipedia’s first version.
Save your favorite articles to learn offline, sync your reading lists across devices and customise your reading expertise with the official Wikipedia app. The Tale of Kiều is an epic narrative poem by the celebrated poet Nguyễn Du, (阮攸), which is commonly thought of probably the most significant work of Vietnamese literature. It was initially written in Chữ Nôm (titled Đoạn Trường Tân Thanh 斷腸新聲) and is extensively taught in Vietnam (in chữ Quốc Ngữ transliteration). Yogurt in Vietnamese is “sữa chua” (lit. “sour milk”), but additionally calqued from French (yaourt) into Vietnamese (da ua – /j/a ua). Musical note was borrowed into Vietnamese as “nốt” or “nốt nhạc”, from the French note de musique. The Vietnamese time period for steering wheel is “vô lăng”, a partial derivation from the French volant directionnel.
A delegate wiki is a wiki that agrees to have sure content material delegated to that wiki.[48] One method of discovering a wiki on a specific topic is to follow the wiki-node network from wiki to wiki. Most wikis offer no much less than a title search, and generally a full-text search. The scalability of the search is dependent upon whether or not the wiki engine makes use of a database. Some wikis, similar to PmWiki, use flat files.[12] MediaWiki’s first variations used flat files, but it was rewritten by Lee Daniel Crocker in the early 2000s (decade) to be a database application.[citation needed] Indexed database entry is critical for prime pace searches on large wikis. Alternatively, exterior search engines like google such as Google Search can generally be used on wikis with limited looking functions to obtain more exact outcomes. Some wikis keep a record of adjustments made to wiki pages; typically, every model of the page is saved.
The pronunciation of the “rime” of the syllable, i.e. all parts other than the initial consonant (optional /w/ glide, vowel nucleus, tone and final consonant), seems nearly equivalent between Middle Vietnamese and trendy Hanoi pronunciation. On the other hand, the Middle Vietnamese pronunciation of the preliminary consonant differs greatly from all modern dialects, and actually is considerably nearer to the modern Saigon dialect than the fashionable Hanoi dialect. Malware may also be an issue for wikis, as customers can add links to websites internet hosting malicious code.
There is much less inside variation within the Southern area than the opposite areas because of its comparatively late settlement by Vietnamese-speakers (around the top of the fifteenth century). The North-Central region is particularly conservative since its pronunciation has diverged less from Vietnamese orthography than the opposite varieties, which are inclined to merge sure sounds. Along the coastal areas, regional variation has been neutralized to a certain extent, however extra mountainous areas protect extra variation. The romanised script grew to become predominant over the course of the early 20th century, when education grew to become widespread and an easier writing system was found to be extra expedient for instructing and communication with the final inhabitants. The French colonial administration sought to eliminate Chinese writing, Confucianism, and other Chinese influences from Vietnam.[65] French outmoded Chinese in administration. Vietnamese written with the alphabet became required for all public documents in 1910 by issue of a decree by the French Résident Supérieur of the protectorate of Tonkin.
After France invaded Vietnam in the late 19th century, French steadily replaced Chinese because the official language in training and authorities. Vietnamese adopted many French phrases, corresponding to đầm (‘dame’, from madame), ga (‘prepare station’, from gare), sơ mi (‘shirt’, from chemise), and búp bê (‘doll’, from poupée) as nicely as the Latin alphabet, resulting in a language that was Austroasiatic however with main Sino-influences and a few minor French influences from the French colonial period. Wikis can even make WYSIWYG modifying obtainable to users, often by way of a JavaScript management that interprets graphically entered formatting instructions into the corresponding HTML tags or wikitext.
In addition, there are a number of phonetic differences (mostly in pitch contour and phonation type) within the tones among the dialects. With the rise of the Internet, new slang is generated and popularized by way of social media. This more trendy slang is often used among the youthful generation of teenspeak in Vietnam. This newer slang is generally pure Vietnamese, and virtually all the words are homonyms or some type of wordplay. Some slang words might include profanity swear words (derogatory) or just a play on words. Modern linguists describe modern Vietnamese having lost many Proto-Austroasiatic phonological and morphological options that unique Vietnamese had.[46] The Chinese influence on Vietnamese corresponds to numerous durations when Vietnam was beneath Chinese rule, and subsequent influence after Vietnam turned impartial.
In flip, Vietnamese reformists and nationalists themselves encouraged and popularized the usage of chữ Quốc ngữ. By the middle of the 20th century, most writing was carried out in chữ Quốc ngữ, which grew to become the official script on independence. The writing system used for Vietnamese is based carefully on the system developed by Alexandre de Rhodes for his 1651 Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum. It displays the pronunciation of the Vietnamese of Hanoi at the moment, a stage generally termed Middle Vietnamese (tiếng Việt trung đại).
Upon the North Vietnamese victory in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitary socialist state underneath the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective planned financial system, a commerce embargo by the West, and wars with Cambodia and China crippled the country additional. In 1986, the CPV initiated economic and political reforms just like the Chinese economic reform, remodeling the nation to a socialist-oriented market financial system.
A wiki can render the visible anchor of such hyperlinks “pretty” by reinserting spaces, and probably additionally reverting to lower case. This reprocessing of the link to improve the readability of the anchor is, nevertheless, limited by the lack of capitalization info attributable to CamelCase reversal. For instance, “RichardWagner” must be rendered as “Richard Wagner”, whereas “PopularMusic” should be rendered as “popular music”. There is no straightforward approach to decide which capital letters ought to remain capitalized. As a result, many wikis now have “free linking” using brackets, and some disable CamelCase by default.
Many North-Central varieties protect three distinct pronunciations for d, gi, and r, but the Northern varieties have a three-way merger, and the Central and the Southern varieties have a merger of d and gi but keep r distinct. At the top of syllables, the palatals ch and nh have merged with the alveolars t and n, which, in flip, have also partially merged with velars c and ng in the Central and the Southern varieties. Although regional variations developed over time, most of these words can be utilized interchangeably and be understood well, albeit with roughly frequency then others or with barely different but usually discernible word choices and pronunciations. Some accents may combine, with words such dạ vâng combining dạ and vâng, being created.
Wikis have favored plain-text editing, with fewer and simpler conventions than HTML for indicating style and construction. Although limiting entry to HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) of wikis limits person capability to change the construction and formatting of wiki content material, there are some advantages. Limited entry to CSS promotes consistency in the seem and feel, and having JavaScript disabled prevents a user from implementing code that may limit other users’ entry.
Its vocabulary has had significant influence from Chinese and some from French. Wiki software is a kind of collaborative software that runs a wiki system, permitting internet pages to be created and edited utilizing a common net browser. It may be implemented as a collection of scripts behind an present net server or as a standalone software server that runs on a number of internet servers.
Early linguists thought that this meant Vietnamese lexicon then obtained solely two layers of Chinese words, one stemming from the interval underneath actual Chinese rule and a second layer from afterwards. A large variety of words were borrowed from Middle Chinese, forming part of the Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary. These caused the unique introduction of the retroflex sounds /ʂ/ and /ʈ/ (modern s, tr) into the language. Wikis can additionally be created on a “wiki farm”, the place the server-side software program is carried out by the wiki farm owner. Under Article 70 of the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam, all residents enjoy freedom of perception and faith.[399] All religions are equal earlier than the legislation and each place of worship is protected beneath Vietnamese state legislation.
This signifies that authors can revert to an older model of the page ought to or not it’s necessary as a outcome of a mistake has been made, such as the content material accidentally being deleted or the page has been vandalized to include offensive or malicious text or other inappropriate content material. A wiki (/ˈwɪki/ (listen) WIK-ee) is an internet hypertext publication collaboratively edited and managed by its own viewers, using a web browser. A typical wiki incorporates a number of pages for the themes or scope of the project, and might be either open to the public or restricted to use inside a company for sustaining its inside information base. It is regularly created and up to date, and encyclopedic articles on new occasions seem inside minutes quite than months or years. Because anybody can improve Wikipedia, it has become extra complete, clear, and balanced than another encyclopedia. Its contributors enhance the standard and quantity of the articles as well as take away misinformation, errors, and vandalism.
If an article or record receives totally different rankings by two or more WikiProjects, then the highest score is used in the table, pie-charts, and bar-chart. The edition’s one-billionth edit was made on thirteen January 2021 by Ser Amantio di Nicolao (Steven Pruitt) who as of that date is the person with the best variety of edits on the English Wikipedia, at over 4 million.[4] Currently, there are 6,696,356 articles created with 903,970 information. The encyclopedia is home to 10.9% of articles in all Wikipedias (down from greater than 50% in 2003).[19][20] The English Wikipedia currently has 45,977,858 registered accounts of which 893 are directors. Whilst there have been any older slang words from previous generations, the prevalence of makes use of of slang amongst younger individuals in Vietnam, as specific teen speak conversations turn out to be obscure for older generations and is subjected to debate sometimes. Some believe that incorporating teen-speak or internet slang right into a daily conversation among teenagers will affect the formality and cadence of speech.[59] Others argue that it isn’t the slang that is the problem, however rather the shortage of communication techniques for the instant web messaging period. They consider slang shouldn’t be dismissed, but instead, youth must be knowledgeable enough to know when to use them and when it is appropriate.
Using this system, Vietnamese has 8 tones, but trendy linguists solely depend 6 phonemic tones. Distinctive tonal variations emerged through the subsequent enlargement of the Vietnamese language and different people from the Red River Plain into what’s now central and southern Vietnam via conquest of the ancient nation of Champa and the Khmer people of the Mekong Delta within the neighborhood of present-day Ho Chi Minh City, also called Saigon. Like many other languages in Southeast Asia and East Asia, Vietnamese is an analytic language with phonemic tone. It has head-initial directionality, with subject–verb–object order and modifiers following the words they modify.